Felix M. Lopez

A bunion is a progressive deformity where the big toe drifts toward the lesser toes and the joint becomes prominent and painful. Treatment ranges from footwear advice and orthoses to corrective surgery where symptoms persist.

This condition causes stiffness and pain in the big toe joint due to cartilage wear and degenerative change. Management may include activity modification, insoles, injections, and surgery depending on severity.

Hammer, mallet, and claw toe deformities can become painful and rigid over time, often causing corns and rubbing in footwear. Treatment may involve footwear modification, splintage, and surgical correction when required.

A bunionette is a prominence at the base of the little toe that can become inflamed and painful in tight footwear. Conservative options are considered first, with realignment surgery for persistent symptoms.

Neuroma commonly causes burning pain, numbness, or tingling between the toes. Treatment may include offloading, shoe changes, injections, and in selected cases, surgical intervention.

Metatarsalgia is pain under the forefoot, often related to pressure imbalance, activity level, or associated deformity. Care focuses on pressure redistribution, footwear guidance, and correction of underlying causes.

Ingrowing toenails can cause severe tenderness, inflammation, and recurrent infection. Treatment ranges from conservative care to minor nail surgery for recurring episodes.

Heel pain may result from plantar fasciitis, bursitis, stress injury, or nerve irritation. Accurate diagnosis guides the treatment plan, which can include rehabilitation, offloading, and targeted interventions.

Tendon pain can involve overuse, degeneration, or partial tearing, including Achilles and tibialis tendon conditions. Management may include load modification, physiotherapy, orthoses, and surgery where indicated.

Soft tissue lesions can cause discomfort, pressure symptoms, or cosmetic concern. Treatment is based on precise diagnosis and may include conservative management, minor procedures, or excision.

Flat foot may be flexible or rigid and can lead to arch collapse, fatigue, and tendon strain. Management can include supportive footwear, exercises, orthoses, and reconstructive surgery in selected cases.